[fix](arrow-flight) Support table type metadata and filters

[hutiefang76]

What problem does this PR solve?

Related to #67578 (partial A3).

Flight SQL clients can obtain FlightInfo for GetTableTypes, but reading its ticket fails with UNIMPLEMENTED. GetTables also forwards only the first table_types entry to a service that treats only VIEW as a filter: [VIEW, BASE TABLE] loses base tables, while [BASE TABLE] or an unknown type can return excluded rows.

Implement the type stream using the same Doris names as GetTables, sorted according to Flight SQL. Match the complete filter against the existing authorized listing before collecting optional schemas. Request only name/type metadata to avoid unused table statistics, and retain the session guard and Arrow buffer cleanup on failed sends.

Release note

Flight SQL clients can enumerate supported table types and filter table metadata by multiple types accurately.

Check List (For Author)

• Test on the merged head:
  • FE Checkstyle passed with 0 violations.
  • The official selected FE unit-test command below was attempted with JDK 17 and Thrift 0.24.0. It stopped before test execution because the project's grpc-java 1.34.0 generator is an Intel macOS executable that this ARM host cannot run. No current-head unit-test success is claimed.
  • Earlier PR-revision evidence: 30 selected unit tests and the SQL/Flight JDBC regression suite passed; the 19 new cases produced 15 failures/errors on the earlier unmodified baseline. Those results have not been rerun successfully after this merge.
  • No native-BE/data-scan cluster or ADBC driver test was run in this follow-up.
• Behavior changed: Yes. GetTableTypes now returns BASE TABLE, SYSTEM VIEW and VIEW. Empty type filters retain all authorized tables; unknown-only filters return no rows.
• Does this need documentation: No new configuration or API schema.

Validation command (JDK 17, matching Thrift 0.24.0 compiler):

bash run-fe-ut.sh --run org.apache.doris.arrowflight.FlightSqlTableTypesTest,org.apache.doris.arrowflight.FlightSqlSchemaHelperTableTypesTest,org.apache.doris.arrowflight.DorisFlightSqlProducerTest,org.apache.doris.arrowflight.FlightSqlSchemaHelperArrowTypeTest

Current follow-up merges master and resolves the FlightSqlSchemaHelper import conflict, retaining both the new Arrow MapType/StructType/Type support and the table-type implementation. No local toolchain configuration or generated sources are included.

AI assistance: DeepSeek and Codex assisted review, conflict resolution, validation and this description.

[hello-stephen]

Thank you for your contribution to Apache Doris.
Don't know what should be done next? See How to process your PR.

Please clearly describe your PR:

1. What problem was fixed (it's best to include specific error reporting information). How it was fixed.
2. Which behaviors were modified. What was the previous behavior, what is it now, why was it modified, and what possible impacts might there be.
3. What features were added. Why was this function added?
4. Which code was refactored and why was this part of the code refactored?
5. Which functions were optimized and what is the difference before and after the optimization?

[hutiefang76]

I’m syncing this with current master. The conflict is in the schema-helper imports; I’ll keep the newer Arrow type support and rerun the Flight metadata tests before pushing.

[hutiefang76]

Merged master in 58c16ac and resolved the import conflict, retaining the newer Arrow type support. FE Checkstyle reports zero violations.

I attempted the selected tests through run-fe-ut.sh, but the build stops before test execution at the Intel-only grpc-java 1.34.0 generator on this ARM Mac. I have updated the description so the earlier 30-test and SQL/Flight regression results are not mistaken for verification of this merged head. The local toolchain files are not part of the patch.